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Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.Meanwhile the simple reaction-time remains as the starting pointof all these superinduced complications.It is the fundamental physiological constant in all time-measurements.As such, its own variations have an interest, and must be briefly passed inreview.[24]The reaction-time varies with the individual and his age.An individual may have it particularlylong in respect of signals of one sense (Buccola, p.147), but not of others.Old and uncultivatedpeople have it long (nearly a second, in an old pauper observed by Exner, Pflüger's Archiv, VII.612-4).Children have it long (half a second, Herzen in Buccola, p.152).Practice shortens it to a quantity which is for each individual a minimum beyond which nofarther reduction can be made.The aforesaid old pauper's time was, after much practice, reducedto 0.1866 sec.(loc.cit.p.626).[p.95]Fatigue lengthens it.Concentration of attention shortens it.Details will be given in the chapter on Attention.The nature of the signal makes it vary.[25] Wundt writes:"I found that the reaction-time for impressions on the skin with electric stimulus is less than fortrue touch-sensations, as the following averages show:Average Average VariationSound 0.167 sec.0221 sec.Light 0.222 sec.0219 sec.Electric skin-sensation 0.201 sec.0115 sec.Touch-sensation 0.213 sec.0134 sec." I here bring together the averages which have been obtained by some other observers:Hirsch.Hankel.Exner.Sound 0.149 0.1505 0.1360Light 0.200 0.2246 0.1506Skin-sensation 0.182 0.1546 0.1337"[26]Thermic reactions have been lately measured by A.Goldscheider and by Vintschgau (1887), whofind them slower than reactions from touch.That from heat especially is very slow, more so thanGet any book for free on: www.Abika.com THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY56from cold, the differences (according to Goldscheider) depending on the nerve-terminations inthe skin.Gustatory reactions were measured by Vintschgau.They differed according to the substancesused, running up to half a second as a maximum when identification took place.The mereperception of the presence of the substance on the tongue varied from 0".159 to 0".219 (Pflüger'sArchiv, XIV.529).Olfactory reactions have been studied by Vintschgau, [p.96] Buccola, and Beaunis.They areslow, averaging about half a second (cf.Beaunis, Recherches exp.sur l'Activité Cérébrale, 1884,p.49 ff.)It will be observed that sound is more promptly reacted on than either sight or touch.Taste andsmell are slower than either.One individual, who reacted to touch upon the tip of the tongue in0".125, took 0".993 to react upon the taste of quinine applied to the same spot.In another, uponthe base of the tongue, the reaction to touch being 0".141, that to sugar was 0".552 (Vintschgau,quoted by Buccola, p.103).Buccola found the reaction to odors to vary from 0".334 to 0".681,according to the perfume used and the individual.The intensity of the signal makes a difference.The intenser the stimulus the shorter the time.Herzen (Grundlinien einer allgem.Psychophysiologie, p.101) compared the reaction from a cornon the toe with that from the skin of the hand of the same subject.The two places werestimulated simultaneously, and the subject tried to react simultaneously with both hand and foot,but the foot always went quickest.When the sound skin of the foot was touched instead of thecorn, it was the hand which always reacted first.Wundt tries to show that when the signal ismade barely perceptible, the time is probably the same in all the senses, namely about 0.332"(Physiol.Psych., 2d ed., II.224).Where the signal is of touch, the place to which it is applied makes a difference in the resultantreaction-time.G.S.Hall and V.Kries found (Archiv f.Anat.u.Physiol., 1879) that when thefinger-tip was the place the reaction was shorter than when the middle of the upper arm wasused, in spite of the greater length of nerve-trunk to be traversed in the latter case.This discoveryinvalidates the measurements of the rapidity of transmission of the current in human nerves, forthey are all based on the method of comparing reaction-times from places near the root and nearthe extremity of a limb.The same observers found that signals seen by the periphery of the retinagave longer times than the same signals seen by direct vision.The season makes a difference, the time being some hun-[p.97] dredths of a second shorter oncold winter days (Vintschgau apud Exner, Hermann's Hdbh., p.270).Intoxicants alter the time.Coffee and tea appear to shorten it.Small doses of wine and alcoholfirst shorten and then lengthen it; but the shortening stage tends to disappear if a large dose begiven immediately.This, at least, is the report of two German observers.Dr.J.W
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