Adams G.B. History of England From the Norman Conquest to the Death of John

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Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)

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.Sales like these were not unusual in the prac-tice of kings, nor would they have occasioned much remark atthe the matter had not been carried to such extremes, andthe rights and interests of the kingdom so openly disregarded.The most flagrant case of this sort was that relating to theliege homage of the king of Scotland, which Henry had ex-acted formal treaty from William the Lion and his barons.December, I 189, King William was escorted to Richard atCanterbury by Geoffrey, Archbishop of York and the baronsof Yorkshire, and there did homage for his English lands, butwas, on a payment of marks, released from whateverobligations he had assumed in addition to those of formerScottish Nothing could show more clearly than thishow different were the interests of Richard from his father s,or how little he troubled himself about the future of hiskingdom.Already before this incident, which preceded Richard sdeparture by only a few days, many of his arrangementsfor the care of the kingdom in his absence had been made.At a great council held at abbey near Geddingtonon September vacant bishoprics were filled with menwhose names were to be conspicuous in the period nowbeginning.Richard s chancellor, William Longchamp, wasRoger of iii.Benedict of Peterborough, ii.90. AND CRUSADECHAP.Bishop of Ely Richard Nigel, of the family ofRoger of son of Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and like hisancestors long employed in the exchequer and to be con-tinued in that service, was made Bishop of London;Hubert Walter, a connexion of Ranulf Glanvill, and trainedby him for more important than was now intrustedto him, became Bishop of and Geoffrey s appoint-ment to York was confirmed.The responsibility of thejusticiarship was at the same time divided between BishopHugh of Durham and the Earl of Essex, who, however, shortlydied, and in his place was appointed William Longchamp.With them were associated as assistant justices five others,of whom two were William Marshal, now possessing theearldom of Pembroke, and Geoffrey Peter himself after-wards justiciar.At Canterbury, in December, further dis-positions were made.Richard had great confidence in hismother, and with good reason.Although she was now nearlyseventy years of age, she was still vigorous in mind and body,and she was always faithful to the interests of her sons, andwise and in the assistance which she gave them.Richard seems to have left her with some ultimate authorityin the state, and he richly provided for her wants.Heassigned her the provision which his father had alreadymade for her, and added also that which Henry I had madefor his queen and Stephen for his, so that, as was remarkedat the time, she had the endowment of three queens.Johnwas not recognized as heir nor assigned any authority.Per-haps Richard hoped to escape in this way the troubles of hisfather, but, perhaps remembering also how much a scantyincome had had to do with his brother Henry s discontent,he gave him almost the endowment of a.king.Besides thegrants already made to him in Normandy, and rich additionssince his coming to England, he now conferred on him allthe royal revenues of the four south-western counties of Corn-wall, Devon, and Somerset.He already held thecounties of Derby and Nottingham.Richard plainly intendedthat political rights should not go with these grants, but heshows very little knowledge of John s character or apprecia-tion of the temptation which he put in his way in the posses-sion of a great principality lacking only the finishing touches.1189position was not the only source from which speedytrouble was threatened when Richard crossed to Normandyon December I I.He had prepared another, equally certain,in the arrangement which had been made for the justiciarship.It was absurd to expect Hugh of Puiset and Williamchamp to work in the same yoke.In spirit and birth Hughwas an aristocrat of the highest type.Of not remote royaldescent, a relative of the kings both of England and France,he was a proud, worldly-minded, intensely ambitious prelateof the feudal sort and of great power, almost a reigningprince in the north.Longchamp was of the class of menwho rise in the service of kings.Not of peasant birth,though but little above it, he owed everything to his zealousdevotion to the interests of Richard, and, as is usually thecase with such men, he had an immense confidence in him-self; he was determined to be master, and he was as proudof his position and abilities as was the Bishop of Durham ofBesides this he was naturally of an overbearinghis blood.disposition and very contemptuous of those whom he regardedas inferior to himself in any particular.Hugh in turn felt,no doubt, a great contempt for him, but Longchamp had nohesitation in measuring himself with the bishop.Soon afterthe departure of the king he turned Hugh out of the exche-quer and took his county of Northumberland away from him.Other high-handed proceedings followed, and many appealsagainst his chancellor were carried to Richard in France.To rearrange matters a great council was summoned to meetin Normandy about the end of winter, The result was thatRichard sustained his minister as Longchamp had doubtlessfelt sure would be the case.The Humber was made a dividingline between the two justiciars, while the pope was asked tomake Longchamp legate in England during the absence ofthe Archbishop of Canterbury, who was going on the crusade.Perhaps Richard now began to suspect that he had beenpreparing trouble for England instead of peace, for at thesame time he exacted an oath from his brothers, Geoffrey,whose troubles with his church of York had already begun,and John, not to return to England for three years; but Johnwas soon after released from his oath at the request of hismother.RICHARD I AND THE CRUSADECHAP [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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