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Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.The start of the microcontrollerNo sooner had the microprocessor and the associated memoriesarrived in 1971 than it became obvious that the microprocessor wasalways accompanied by other circuits, like input/output devices,memory and timing circuits so it would be a good move to combinethem into a single device.We had a choice we could keep everything general and universaland call it a microprocessor or design it for a single purpose and callit a microcontroller.The multipurpose devices went into computers and even here we hada choice.Computers were either microcomputers where price was asignificant feature and these microprocessors had some built-in ROMand RAM.Soon, however, speed became the main feature as the pricesbegan to fall and we could afford to equip our homes with computing199 Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollerspower which equalled many offices of just a few years previously andthe microprocessors became expensive and fast.Speed headlinesdrive the publicity machines as home and office computers becamefaster and faster.They sold in their millions.Meanwhile the single-purpose devices, really the descendents of theearly microcomputers, were developed further and made reallycheaply, sold by the billion and were never mentioned.They powerthe pocket calculator, video recorders, cameras, microwaves, washingmachines and greetings cards that play music in fact almost anythingvaguely electronic.Just a thoughtThe microcontrollers outnumber the population of the world manytimes and as mentioned earlier we are likely to be sharing our homeswith, possibly, fifty of them.They are in every essential industry foodproduction, transport, communications, research, weaponry, powergeneration, medicine, heating and air conditioning there is little thatwe rely on that does not use a microcontroller.If they learn tocommunicate independently of us, they may develop their ownagenda.Now there s a thought.Most microcontrollers are similarOnce we have learned to drive, most vehicles are easily recognized asbeing very similar.We are happy with the general idea and canconcentrate on the minor differences.Microcontrollers are much thesame.Having already become familiar with the basic building blocksof the simple microprocessor in Chapter 8, we can move very easilyinto the microcontroller.It is not surprising then to find that allmicrocontrollers are basically very similar.To give an overall impression of the range of microcontrollersavailable we are going to look at three popular ranges.The first is the8051, probably the most widely used microcontroller, over twentyyears old and continuously developed by many different companiesand showing no signs of fading away.The next is from the AVRfamily produced by the Atmel Corporation, one of the leaders in thisfield.From this range we look at the AT90S/LS2343 one that is small,modern and RISC.The final one will be explored in Chapter 16.The 8051Probably the transition between the microcomputer to the micro-controller occurred with the Intel 8048 as we saw in Chapter 11.The8048 added on-chip RAM, ROM and a timer so it could be used as asingle purpose device such as controlling a keyboard it was, in fact,a microcontroller.200 Microcontrollers and how to use themWith the experience gained by using this, it became apparent thatthere was a significant market for a microcontroller.In 1980, Intel launched the 8051 which, twenty-three years later, isalive and well.In fact very well indeed.It is probably the most popularmicrocontroller ever.It is made by about 44 suppliers.These suppliers have often added some extra features to make versionsor variants as they are called particularly suitable for specific jobs.There are at least 92 variants all compatible with the original code.Even within variants, there are a series of options that lifts the totalnumber of members of the 8051 family to several hundred.NumberingThe device numbering is not very obvious as many microcontrollers areavailable from several different suppliers with their own product code.They then produce a group of basically similar devices with minorchanges like different operating voltages or differing amount of RAMand ROM on-board memory these groups are referred to as families.The family is given a name which often has little connection with theproduct codes.For example, Intel s 8051 family has the family nameof MCS51.This contains the 803X, 805X, 875X and the low powerversions bXC45X and the 8XCX52
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