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Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.It was in Berlin that Hegel acquired fame and influence.Although by all accounts Hegel was a poor university lecturer hestuttered, moved rigidly, gasped for breath, and tirelessly repeated Also his many lectures gained a wide following.On several occa-sions he held lectures on aesthetics, the history of philosophy, thephilosophy of religion, and the philosophy of history.ThoughHegel himself never published these lectures, they were recordedby his students, who put them in the first edition of his collectedworks.Due to his position and success, Hegel finally found time andmeans to travel.An avid tourist, he made trips to Prague, Vienna,Brussels and Paris.Though he gave many lectures, Hegel publishedlittle during the Berlin years.In 1826 he founded a leading journal,Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Kritik, for which he wrote several reviewarticles; he published two new editions of the Encyclopedia (1827,1830); and he began to rework his Logic, volume I of whichappeared in 1832.Hegel died suddenly in Berlin on 14 November 1831, accordingto legend from cholera, but probably from a stomach ailment orgastrointestinal disease.The funeral was a massive procession ofBerlin notables and his students.According to his wish, he wasburied next to Fichte in the Dorothea cemetery in Berlin. Part OneEarly Ideals and Context OneCultural ContextTHE TWILIGHT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTThe 1790s in Germany, the decade when Hegel and the romanticgeneration came of age, was a time of extraordinary intellectualupheaval and ferment.This has been the view of most historians;but even contemporaries saw their decade in these terms.Thus, K.L.Reinhold, a prominent philosopher and shrewd observer of theZeitgeist, wrote in 1790:The most conspicuous and characteristic feature of our age is theconvulsion of all hitherto familiar systems, theories, and mannersof thinking, a convulsion the breadth and depth of which the historyof the human mind can show no example.1The main source of this cultural cataclysm was a crisis in theAufklärung, the German Enlightenment.The Aufklärung had domin-ated German intellectual life for most of the eighteenth century; butnow its days were numbered.What had seemed so certain at thedawn of the century now seemed doubtful at its dusk.The crisiscould not fail to affect Hegel and the young romantics, who hadgrown up under the tutelage of the Aufklärung.Athough they wouldlater rebel against it, they were still deeply in its debt.They were all,so to speak, Kinder der Aufklärung.The crisis of the Aufklärung affected no one more than Hegel.Forwhat so deeply separates him from other thinkers of the romanticgeneration is his attempt, beginning in his mid-Jena years (18036), to preserve the legacy of the Aufklärung against the criticisms of 22 Hegelhis contemporaries.Hegel too was very critical of the Enlighten-ment, subjecting it to almost scornful treatment in one notablechapter of his Phenomenology of Spirit.2 Yet there were aspects of theEnlightenment legacy that he never abandoned, and which he grewto appreciate the more they were imperilled.Chief among thesewas the Enlightenment faith in the authority of reason.Hegel smature philosophy was first and foremost an attempt to rescue andrehabilitate the authority of reason after all the criticisms of theAufklärung in the 1790s.Its aim was both to accommodate andsurpass these criticisms, to preserve their rightful claims and tocancel their exaggerated pretensions.Hegel s grand achievementwas to synthesize the Aufklärung with some of the currents of roman-ticism, creating a romanticized rationalism or a rationalizedromanticism.So, to understand Hegel s philosophy, we first need to knowsomething about the crisis of the Aufklärung in the 1790s.It was thiscrisis the attack upon the authority of reason by the critics of theAufklärung that posed the fundamental challenge for Hegel sphilosophy.How, in a few words, are we to characterize the Enlightenment?Aptly, the Enlightenment had often been called the age of reason or the age of criticism , not only by historians but also by contem-poraries themselves.Here is the definition that Kant himself gave tohis age in the preface to the first edition of his Critique of Pure Reason:Our age is, to a preeminent degree, the age of criticism, and tocriticism everything must submit.Religion through its sanctity, andthe state through its majesty, may seek to exempt themselves fromit.But then they arouse just suspicion against themselves, andcannot claim the sincere respect which reason gives only to thatwhich sustains the test of free and open examination.(A xii)The Enlightenment was the age of reason because it made reasoninto its highest authority, its final court of appeal, in all intellectual Cultural Context 23questions.Its central and characteristic principle is what we mightcall the sovereignty of reason.This principle means that there is nosource of intellectual authority higher than reason.Neither scrip-ture, nor divine inspiration, nor ecclesiastical and civil traditionhave the authority of reason
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