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Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.Mary was a devout Roman Catholic and with her husband, Philip II of Spain,steered England back in a pro Roman Catholic direction.Those who did not changecourse with her were burned at the stake or forced to flee.When Mary I died in 1558, childless, her successor and half sister, Elizabeth I,daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, faced a dilemma.Elizabeth had seenenough of the terror of religious persecution to fear it, and thus when she returnedEngland to the Protestant standard, she balanced the concessions to the radicalProtestant party with others to former Catholics.Above all, she understood that shemust steer a middle course for the sake of peace in the country.Elizabethan ExplorationsEver mindful of the dangers of Reformation and Counterreformation intrigue,Elizabeth viewed the exploration of North America as part of the larger religious con-test between England and its Catholic enemies.Increasingly, she perceived that herbrother-in-law, King Philip II of Spain, was behind every conspiracy against her andEnglish Protestantism.At hand to singe the king s beard waited courtiers like Sir Humphrey Gilbertand Sir Walter Ralegh and merchants sons like John Hawkins and Francis Drake.These sea dogs happily plundered the Spanish posts in the Antilles, Mexico, Panama,and the Spanish Main, infuriating King Philip.Hawkins led the way.His Plymouth friends and family helped him to outfit a smallfleet of three ships to scour the Canaries, the coast of West Africa, and the Caribbeanfor profits.Part raider, part trader, he stole Africans from villages on the shore ofSenegal and sold them to Spanish planters in the Caribbean.If the Spanish resisted,he bombarded them into compliance.As he wrote during one such episode, By theSpanish desire of Negroes.we obtained a secret trade, whereupon the Spaniards 106 WORLDS I N MOTI ONresorted to us by might, and bought of us to the number of 200 Negroes. He madefour of these voyages from 1562 to 1568, when, during the last, a pitched battle withSpanish troops and ships off the coast of Yucatan ended his career.Not fazed by Hawkins s fate, Francis Drake pestered Elizabeth to let him outdoHawkins s feats.Elizabeth unleashed Drake in 1577.With six ships, he set out to ter-rorize the Spanish settlements on the coast of South America.In his flagship, theGolden Hind, a vessel of eighty tons, he coasted down to Cape Horn, following Ma-gellan s course, then up the west coast of South America.The Spanish silver shipswere like chickens caught in a henhouse by a fox.On his way north along the Pacificcoast of South America, he attacked Valparaiso, Chile, and Lima, Peru, and the west-ern ports of Central America; then, to avoid the Spanish ships no doubt awaiting hisreturn south, he went as far north as thirty-eight degrees north latitude (modern SanFrancisco Bay).He thought seriously about leaving a colony in Nova Albion, as hecalled it, and parleyed and partied with the Indians before he decided to return to En-gland.From California, Drake pressed on to the Philippines, where he harassed theSpanish settlements, then traveled to the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) to fill whatwas left of his cargo space with spices.Finally, he sailed into the East Indian Ocean,around the Cape of Good Hope, out into the Atlantic again, and home.He had lostonly seventeen men at sea and brought his ship back intact.The sea dogs achievement, though much storied in the realm, hardly repaid itscost.If the raids kept the English appetite for New World adventures whetted, thetruth of the matter was that the English navy was ill-prepared for anything more thanspasmodic activity.In 1582, when Elizabeth was already contemplating the possibil-ity that she would have to go to war with Spain, England s merchant marine had only250 ships of more than eighty tons and but 20 over two hundred tons.The ships weresluggish, slow, and often leaked.The masts and spars were sometimes too big forthe ships, and the anchors were too light to hold in a gale.The sailors complained,with good reason.On long voyages, they subsisted on hard bread, salted meat, andwhatever fish they could catch.Only the beer and cider, to which was later addedrum, kept their spirits up.Recognizing these weaknesses, Gilbert proposed a different way to strike atSpain.Instead of hit-and-run raids, he proposed to establish a series of fortifiedposts a kind of picket line to deter Spanish expansion north.The strategic ben-efit to the crown was obvious, and Gilbert added that he and his agents would con-vert the Indians to the Protestant faith.His return would be whatever treasure hecould find in the New World.Crown lawyers drafted a patent, or contract, with Gilbert combining the Spanishimperial model with medieval English ideas of the border march.First, like thegrants Spanish rulers gave to the adelantados (literally, entrepreneurs ) going toAmerica, Gilbert s charter promised him control of all the soyle of all such lands, RI VALS FOR THE NORTHLAND 107countries, and territories so to be discovered or possessed as aforesaid, and of allCities, Castles, Townes, and Villages, and palaces in the same. There were no cas-tles or palaces where Gilbert was going; not even in the mythical Norumbega thelawyers were thinking of the Spanish conquest of Mexico
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