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Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.Youwill probably be starting out with no sources, no thesis, and only abroad topic to work with.Yet as soon as you start your research, youwill find yourself with a multitude of sources books and articles in thelibrary and on the Internet from which you will have to make your ownselection of readings.Locating and evaluating sources are complexskills, calling for quick comprehension and rapid decision making: % In the electronic databases and computer catalogs, you have to judgewhich books and periodicals are worth locating. % At the shelves and on the computer screen, you have to skim a varietyof books, articles, and Web sites rapidly to choose the ones that maybe worth reading at length. % At the library tables and on the computer screen, you have to decidewhich information should be written up as part of your notes andwhich pages should be downloaded, duplicated, or printed out.In Chapters 7, 8, and 9, you will be given explicit guidelines for usingthe library, choosing sources, and taking notes.As you have learned, in order to write a multiple-source essay, youhave to establish a coherent structure that builds on your reading andblends together your ideas and those of your sources.In Chapter 9,you will find a stage-by-stage description of the best ways to organizeand write an essay based on complex sources.But here, again, is acontradiction.Even as you gather your materials and synthesize them into a uni-fied essay, you also should keep in mind the greatest responsibility ofthe researcher accountability.From your first efforts to find sources at thelibrary and at your computer, you must carefully keep track of the precisesource of each of the ideas and facts that you may use in your essay.You already know how to distinguish between your ideas and thoseof your sources and to make that distinction clear to your readers.Now, WRITING THE RESEARCH ESSAY 287you also have to make clear which source is responsible for which ideaand on which page of the source that information can be found with-out losing the shape and coherence of your own paragraphs.To resolve this contradiction between writing a coherent essay andaccounting for your sources, you will use a system that includes thefamiliar skills of summary, quotation, paraphrase, and citation of authors, aswell as the skills of documentation and compiling a bibliography.This sys-tem is explained in Chapter 10.What should your essay look like when it s completed? For refer-ence, in Chapter 11 you can examine two essays that demonstrate howto write a persuasive, analytical research essay, each one using a com-mon method of documentation. This page intentionally left blank % %7Finding SourcesChapter 7 shows you the many ways to develop a topic for a research essayas you search for information in the library and on the Internet.You can usedatabases and search engines to identify and locate a range of books, periodicalarticles, and Web sites that are appropriate for academic research.At the sametime, you ll learn to organize these sources into a formal bibliography.Topic NarrowingWhen you start your research, sometimes you will know exactly what youwant to write about, and sometimes you won t.Your instructor may assign aprecise topic.Or you may start with a broad subject and then narrow the focus.Or you may develop an idea that you wrote about in your single- or multiple-source essay.Ask yourself these practical questions as you think about your topic andbefore you begin collecting material for your essay: % How much time do I have? % How long an essay am I being asked to write? % How complex a project am I ready to undertake?289 290 7 / FINDING SOURCESNarrowing Your Topic1.Whether your instructor assigns a broad topic for your research pa-per or you are permitted to choose your own topic, do some prelim-inary searching for sources to get background information.2.As you see what s available, begin to break down the broad topicinto its components.Try thinking about a specific point in time or theinfluence of a particular event or person if your topic is historical orbiographical.Try applying the standard strategies for planning anessay (see pp.201 203 in Chapter 5) if you re going to write abouta contemporary subject.Try formulating the reasons for and against ifyou re going to write an argument.3.Once you have some sense of the available material, consider thescope of your essay.If the scope is too broad, you run the risk of pre-senting a superficial overview.If the scope is too narrow, you mayrun out of material.4.As you read, consider your own perspective and what interests youabout the person, event, or issue.If you really want to know moreabout the topic, your research will progress more quickly and you remore likely to get your essay in on time.5.Formulate a few questions to help you structure your reading and re-search.As you read, you should stay within that framework, concen-trating on materials that add to your understanding of the topic,skimming lightly over those that don t.6.As answers to these questions emerge, think about a potential thesisfor your essay.Topic Narrowing: Biographical and Historical SubjectsBiographical and historical topics have an immediate advantage: they canbe defined and limited by space and time.Events and lives have clear begin-nings, middles, and ends, as well as many identifiable intermediate stages.Youprobably won t want to undertake the full span of a biography or a completehistorical event, but you could select a specific point in time as the focus foryour essay.Writing about PeopleAssume, for example, that by choice or assignment your broad subjectis Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), who was president of the United States fortwelve years an unparalleled term of office from 1933 until 1945.You beginby reading a brief overview of FDR s life.An encyclopedia article of several pages TOPIC NARROWING 291might be a starting point.This should give you enough basic information to de-cide which events in FDR s life interest you enough to sustain you through thelong process of research.You might also read a few encyclopedia articles aboutthe major events and issues that formed the background to FDR s career: theGreat Depression, the New Deal, the changing role of the president.Choosing a Point in Time: Now, instead of tracing all the incidents and re-lated events in which he participated during his 63 years, you might decide todescribe FDR at the point when his political career was apparently ruined bypolio.Your focus would be the man in 1921, and your essay might develop a the-sis drawing on any or all of the following topics his personality, his style oflife, his physical handicap, his experiences, his idea of government at thatpoint in time.Everything that happened to FDR after 1921 would be relativelyunimportant to your chosen perspective
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