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Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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." Revenues from the park and transportation impact fees funded four parkimprovements, initiated a downtown shuttle system, began a number ofroad improvements, and completed a light-rail connection to Los Angeles.The 1993 report on progress on the strategic plan found that 93 of the98 recommendations in the original plan had been substantially com-pleted.With that, the plan was declared a success that would set the 194 7.ACHIEVING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL GOALSstage for the next phase of strategic planning for the city.The closing ofthe Navy base and hospital and large job cutbacks at the McDonnell Dou-glas plants demanded fresh attempts to keep Long Beach s economymoving.A base reuse planning committee was formed to pursue devel-opment opportunities for the base, capitalizing on plans long in prepara-tion.The Queensway Bay Plan is expected to revitalize the entire harborarea by expanding the waterfront park system and waterfront esplanade,enlarging boating facilities, and creating a new commercial center with amuseum and entertainment complex.James C.Hankla, longtime city manager for Long Beach, observedthat the strategic plan provided a score card by which to judge coun-cil actions on the annual budget and the efforts of individual city de-partments.The preparation of the plan did a good job of moving thecommunity back from the brink of a development moratorium, he said,and managed to avoid a complete shutdown. The price tag for accomplishing the strategic plan was estimated at$860 million, clearly out of reach for Long Beach for the immediate fu-ture.Nevertheless, the city s economic development strategy, intendedto raise potential revenues through tax base expansion, has begun to de-liver on its promises of greater funding for capital improvements.Thecity s approach to economic planning, embracing a broad range of activ-ities and involvement of many citizens, has leveraged to the maximumits opportunities for economic and civic development and successfullyencouraged substantial private investments.22Improving Job Opportunities for Inner-City WorkersOne of the most difficult and yet most important components of eco-nomic development programs is generating employment opportunitiesfor inner-city residents.Analysts of urban social ills ranging from low ed-ucational attainment to crime and dysfunctional families increasinglyare pointing to employment as the essential foundation for improving so-cial conditions.For decades, federal- and state-sponsored job trainingprograms have struggled to provide unemployed and under-employedworkers with marketable skills.The transformation of welfare programsunderway in the late 1990s will increase the significance of such pro-grams and test their capabilities for producing lasting results.Yet, job training is only one part of the picture.Access to jobs is an-other.Ever since World War II, industries and businesses have streamedout of central cities to locate in the suburbs.Inner-city workers find itdifficult to take advantage of the unskilled and semi-skilled jobs availablein communities 10 or more miles away from their homes, especiallysince many are dependent on public transportation.Programs to im-prove transportation access to suburban jobs have been moderately suc- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 195cessful in some areas.Another tack is Chicago s Gautreaux program,which provides vouchers and intensive counseling support to some pub-lic housing residents in the inner city that allows them to find housingnear suburban jobs.The program has received a great deal of nationwideattention if not emulation.23Many central-city employment programs have focused on retainingand expanding employment in existing industries and businesses in corelocations.The boom in downtown development and redevelopment dur-ing the 1970s and 1980s played a significant role in improving serviceemployment opportunities for inner-city workers, although it did notstem the continuing loss of manufacturing jobs.In many older cities,however, commercial development and residential gentrification ininner-city areas conflicted with efforts to retain and attract industries.Demands for renovated office and residential space in close-in areasthreatened to absorb industrial space, displacing existing industries andpreventing potential industrial uses from locating in inner-city areas.In-dustries typically pay higher wages than retail and office jobs and yet re-quire fewer skills, a boon for inner-city populations.Indeed, Michael Porter (no relation), the current guru of economiccompetitiveness, asserts that, nurtured properly, mainstream businessescan be attracted to inner-city locations where they can reinvigorate theeconomy.Porter observes that inner-city residents are eager to work andhave a low turnover rate, and that many minority-owned businessesthrive in inner cities by serving existing buying power in central areas.24Chicago was experiencing a turnover of once-industrial properties toother uses, aided by old-fashioned zoning that permitted almost any usein industrial zones.In an effort to protect industrial districts from thespread of other uses, Chicago enacted new zoning provisions in 1988that require industrial areas and buildings to remain available for indus-trial uses
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