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Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
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.It alsoencompasses activities supporting those market transactions, such as ad-vertising, marketing, customer support, delivery, and payment ([Laudon2006], p.9).Analogously to the Gallery of Electronic Business, the Gallery of E-Commercesummarizes the major characteristics of E-Commerce:Gallery of E-Commerce:[ECom01] E-Commerce facilitates the means to enable external consumers toconduct various e-commerce services in ways that suit their lifestyles and are not driven by technology ([Rajput 2000], pp.22-23),[ECom02] E-Commerce provides ingenious means to collaborate with sup-plies and partners that in turn minimize the overhead of deliveringproducts and services to customers ([Rajput 2000], pp.22-23), 26 2 The Economics of E-Economies[ECom03] Products traded via E-Commerce distribution channels are:[ECom03a] tangible goods: goods that have a real/physical appearance,[ECom03b] intangible goods: goods that have no real/physical appear-ance and depend upon a media in order to be accessible.AllInformation and information services, for example, are in-tangible goods [Günter 2000],[ECom03c] digital goods: represent a special form of intangible goodsthat require electro-technological devices in order to be ac-cessed.Examples of digital goods are e-books, websites,videos, music files, computer games, etc.[ECom04] E-Commerce can be distinguished into ([Laudon 2006], p.120),[ECom04a] business-to-consumer (B2C): businesses provide goods andservices on the Internet and offer sufficient information andconvenient interfaces, in order to attract customers andeliminate channel intermediaries [Li 2007],[ECom04b] business-to-business (B2B): commerce among businessescan be conducted over the Internet to integrate supplychains and logistics, in order to reduce cost and promote ef-ficiency [Li 2007],[ECom04c] consumer-to-consumer (C2C): website operators help gath-ering transaction data, but are not responsible for the logis-tics [Li 2007].[ECom05] Examples of electronic payment systems for e-commerce are sum-marized by Laudon as follows: ([Laudon 2006], p.130),[ECom05a] digital credit card payment systems: secure services forcredit card payments on the internet that protect infor-mation transmitted among users, merchant sites, and pro-cessing banks (e.g., eCharge),[ECom05b] digital wallet: software that stores credit card and other in-formation to facilitate payment for goods on the Web (e.g.,MSN Wallet, MasterCard Wallet), 2.1 Fundamentals 27[Ecom05c] accumulated balance payment systems: accumulates micro-payment purchase as a debit balance that must be paid peri-odically on credit card of telephone bills (e.g., Paymen-tOne),[ECom05d] stored value payment systems: enables consumers to makeinstant payments to merchants based on value stored in adigital account (e.g., Ecount, smart card),[ECom05e] digital cash: digital currency that can be used for micro-payments or larger purchases (e.g., eCoin.net),[ECom05f] peer-to-peer payment systems: sends money using the Webto individuals or vendors who are not set up to accept creditcard payments (e.g., PayPal),[ECom05g] digital checking: electronic check with a secure signature(e.g., Echeck),[ECom05h] electronic billing presentment and payment system: sup-ports electronic payment for online and physical store pur-chases of goods or services after the purchase has takenplace (e.g., CheckFree, MSN Bill Pay).2.1.4 Electronic Commerce Busines ModelsA variety of e-commerce business models exist.E-commerce business modelsare described by Laudon [Laudon 2006] and Menasce [Menasce 2000] inMenasce s Gallery of E-Commerce Business Models:Gallery of E-Commerce Business Models:[BusMod01] Virtual storefront: sells physical products directly to consumers orto individual business (e.g., Amazon.com, EPM.com),[BusMod02] Online marketplace: provides a digital environment where buyersand sellers can meet, search for products, display products, and es-tablish prices for those products (e.g., eBay.com, Priceline.com).The general components of an electronic market service are de-scribed in Figure 3, 28 2 The Economics of E-EconomiesBuyer 1.Buyer nB2CElectronic Market Servicessearch valuation logistics payment authenticationB2BSeller 1.Seller mFigure 3: Electronic market model [Menasce 2000].[BusMod03] Information broker: provides product, pricing, and availabilityinformation to individuals and business; generates revenue fromadvertising or from directing buyers to sellers (e.g., edmunds.com,insweb.com),[BusMOD04] Transaction broker: saves users money and time by processingonline sales transactions, generating a fee each time a transactionoccurs; also provides information on rates and terms (e.g., expe-dia.com),[BusMod05] Content provider: creates revenue by providing digital content,such as digital news, music, photos, or video, over the Web; thecustomer may pay to access the content, or revenue may be gener-ated by selling advertising space (e.g., CNN.com, MP3.com),[BusMod06] Online service provider: Provides online service for individualsand business; generates revenue from subscription or transactionfees, from advertising or from collecting marketing informationfrom users (e.g., Xdrive.com, Salesforce.com).Furthermore, Rappa adds the following kinds of electronic commerce businessmodels [url6]:[BusMod07] Brokerage model: Brokers are market-makers: they bring buyersand sellers together and facilitate transactions.Brokers play a fre-quent role in business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer 2.1 Fundamentals 29(B2C), or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) markets.Usually a brokercharges a fee or commission for each transaction it enables.Theformula for fees can vary [url6].Brokerage models include mar-ketplace exchange, buy/sell fulfillment, demand collection system,auction broker, transaction broker, distributer, and search agent.An online auction model is depicted Figure 4,Online AuctionFunctional ModelBuyer and SellerBiddingRegistrationSetting up a Bid Evaluation andParticular Auction Auction ClosingScheduling andTrade SettlementAdvertisingFigure 4: Functional models of an online auction ([Menasce 2000], p.29).[BusMod08] Merchant model (wholesalers and retailers of goods and services).Sales may be made based on list prices or through auction [url6]
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