Podobne
- Strona startowa
- Christian Apocrypha and Early Christian Literature. Transl. By James
- Wallance James Bill Gates i jego imperium Micr
- Antologia James Lowder Krainy Chwaly (SCAN dal 690)
- Craig James John Carlyle 02 Londyn we krwi
- § Fowles John Mag
- Nienacki Zbigniew Pan Samochodzik i Templariusze
- Darwin Charles O powstawaniu gatunków drogą doboru naturalnego
- Sheldon Sidney Gdy nadejdzie jutro (SCAN dal 8
- Martel Yann Zycie Pi.BLACK
- Grisham John Malowany Dom (3)
- zanotowane.pl
- doc.pisz.pl
- pdf.pisz.pl
- mrowkodzik.xlx.pl
Cytat
Do celu tam się wysiada. Lec Stanisław Jerzy (pierw. de Tusch-Letz, 1909-1966)
A bogowie grają w kości i nie pytają wcale czy chcesz przyłączyć się do gry (. . . ) Bogowie kpią sobie z twojego poukładanego życia (. . . ) nie przejmują się zbytnio ani naszymi planami na przyszłość ani oczekiwaniami. Gdzieś we wszechświecie rzucają kości i przypadkiem wypada twoja kolej. I odtąd zwyciężyć lub przegrać - to tylko kwestia szczęścia. Borys Pasternak
Idąc po kurzych jajach nie podskakuj. Przysłowie szkockie
I Herkules nie poradzi przeciwko wielu.
Dialog półinteligentów równa się monologowi ćwierćinteligenta. Stanisław Jerzy Lec (pierw. de Tusch - Letz, 1909-1966)
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.His task was to accommodatethose changes without weakening church privileges.As the bishopof Sjælland, Rønnow was determined to subordinate Copenhagen toRoskilde, as it had been in the past.Copenhagen regarded Rønnowas an enemy.Rønnow was not the only bishop whose relations withtownsmen were strained.Jørgen Friis was bishop of Viborg in nameonly; burghers had driven him from the town, and he resided atSpøttrup or Hald Sø in north Jylland.Spiritually the bishops were amixed lot.Styge Krumpen, the bishop of Børglum, was equally noto-rious for his vehemence and his mistress.Two noble kinsmen, IverMunk of Ribe, and his coadjutor, Oluf Munk, worked harmoniouslyin spite of differing convictions; the uncle was Catholic, the nephewhad accepted measure of reform.Knud Henriksen Gyldenstjerne, thebishop of Odense, had installed a Lutheran catechism and reformedhis diocese in 1532 with the advice of the reformer Jørgen Sadolin.Torben Bille, the archbishop in Lund, had agreed at his accession notto hinder the reform movement.His cousin, Ove Bille, the bishop ofAarhus, was a dignified and worthy prelate, faithful to his vows andexemplary in the performance of his duties.Two other churchmen saton the council.Abbot Henrik Tørnekrans of Sorø was the powerfulleader of the Cistercian Order in Denmark; Eskil was prior of theJohannite Order at Antvorskov.Of the lords temporal, Mogens Gøye, the master of the court, andTyge Krabbe, the royal marshal, were familiar figures.Gøye s equal inlanded estates had not been seen in Denmark for several centuries.From his family he inherited estates on Lolland and Jylland.At hiswife s death he took over estates on Jylland, Fyn, and Sjælland.Dur-ing Friedrich s reign he exploited popular dislike of the friars to expelthem from their holdings, not without profit to himself and towns-folk.Commoners regarded Mogens Gøye as their champion; he hadconverted to their faith in 1526, and he looked after their interests.The defender of the old faith, Poul Helgesen, called Mogens Gøyethe banner bearer of Lutheranism.4 Tyge Krabbe, the royal marshal,was also a great landholder.Tyge was more important, though, as4Skibykrøniken, 116. 298 Civil War, 1533 1536commander at Helsingborg, where he played a leading part in con-temporary affairs.He was an old believer, one of the many whoconfused the interests of himself and his kin with the welfare of thekingdom.No less than eight Billes sat on the council of the realm, allbrothers and cousins descended from old Torben Bille at Svaneholmand Abrahamstrup.In fact all of the members of the council of therealm were cousins and in-laws, united on questions of family influ-ence and noble privilege.Kinship and common interests prevailedover economic and religious interests.As long as the great fami-lies held together, no other force in Danish society could topplethem.The question of the succession came first on the agenda.TheCatholic majority favored Friedrich s second son, Duke Hans.ALutheran minority preferred Friedrich s eldest son, Duke Christian.Because the council lords could not agree on a successor, they dis-cussed instead the possibility of delaying the election.The proposi-tion, Riigens Erinde oc Article, states,Next, in the name of the holy Trinity, we should negotiate and con-sider, since the kingdom is now without a lord and king, whether itseems advisable that Denmark s council choose and elect someone aslord and king over the kingdom, or whether it seems good to placethe kingdom and its rule in the hands of Denmark s council of therealm for a time.5More or less plausible excuses justified a delay.The council was obli-gated to elect a king together with the Norwegian council.TheNorwegian councillors had not come, and the election of a kingwould confront them with a fait accompli.The proposition recom-mended that the election be delayed, and that was the course followedin the recess of July 3, 1533.The Danish council notified the Norwe-gians of the decision July 10, 1533, and summoned them to a meetingin Copenhagen at Midsummer the next year.6It was possible to agree not to elect a king.The council found itmuch more difficult to agree on religious issues
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]